Food Inventions

The stories behind the kitchen inventions we couldn’t do without
食物的相關發明 - 來看看不可或缺的廚房幫手的發明 經過.

What was involved in preparing your dinner last night? You probably have never stopped to think about it, but many processes and devices were involved before the food and drink appeared on your table. As a matter of fact, food preparation innovations throughout history have paved the way for safer, easier-to-make meals.

A focus on safety Pasteurization
One of the most important food discoveries occurred in the 1860s when French chemist Louis Pasteur found that by heating liquids, harmful bacteria could be destroyed. Before then, deadly bacteria in food and drinks to disease and death. Today food is much safer thanks to the process of pasteurization, named for this scientist.

Refrigeration
In the old days people placed food in cold streams or under snow and ice to keep it from spoiling. The quest continued, though, for a better method to preserve and store food. Finally German engineer Carl von Linde developed a way to liquefy gas in large quantities, a process that is required for refrigeration. He patented his refrigeration design in 1877, and many consider von Linde the inventor of the modern-day refrigerator, something no kitchen should be without.

An emphasis on convenience:
The egg carton 
Back in 1911, an argument in British Columbia, Canada, led to a useful invention. Eggs shipped by a local farmer to a hotel owner often arrived broken, and each blamed the other for the damage. To solve the problem, Canadian newspaperman Joseph Coyle designed a paper carton with small, hollowed out spaces that cushioned the eggs and kept them separated. Coyle's invention was so successful that we still use a variation of it today.

The can
In 1810, London resident Peter Durand invented metal cans that would hold and preserve food for long periods of time. The only problem was that people had to use a hummer and chisel to open them. Amazingly it took another 50 years before the can opener was invented by Ezra Warner.

The knife
Many believe the knife is mankind's oldest tool, with the earliest forms made from flint or a glass-like rock and then from metal around 2500 B.C. Through the years, the cutting device evolved into the handy tool we place so much reliance on today. While we in the 21st century take these inventions for grand, our lives would be very different without these indispensable kitchen aids.

Grammar Gym:
"....something no kitchen should be without."
No + " subject" should be without. - something is absolutely necessary for a certain subject.
This is a dictionary no language- learners should be without.
This is a card no shopper should be without.

Vocabulary Tips:
paved (pave v.) the way - make the way for something to happen.铺平道路，意即“为某件事铺路，或是预先作好安排。
*The TV singing contest paved the way to the singer's professional debut.
*The meeting successfully paved the way for the peace treaty.和平协议。
deadly - very harmful can be dead.致命的，致死的。
dead -死掉。
*The scientists have finally found a cure for this deadly disease.
dead (adv) - 极其的。
*The movie is deadly dull.无聊透了。无聊至极，无聊的要死。
quest -search for, seek for.索求，寻求。探索。
*The group's quest to find the hidden treasure was interrupted by severe weather.寻求宝藏的队伍。。 恶劣的天候。。打断了。。。
*The breakup didn't stop Renee's quest for true love.
liquefy (v) - make not liquid turn to liquid. 使液化。"liqu" -液体，
*Turn the heat up to liquefy the jelly. 果酱。
liquefaction (n) -液化。
*Natural gas liquefaction technology has been improved greatly in recent years.
"can't be without it (something ) - something is unnecessary. something is so depend on. couldn't do it without you (something)..
"have never stop to think about something" - slow down and stop the busy doing to think of something.
"as a matter of fact " - very common word, before you try to tell the "true". 事实上是。。。。
pasteurization -A chemist name Pasteur who discovered the way by heating up the liquid to kill the bacterial. this process named after Pasteur, the scientist.加热杀菌法，巴斯德氏病菌接种法。
refrigeration - the process and the happen within the refrigerator is called refrigeration.
carton - a paper box or container. 用来装饮料或食物的纸盒。
*There's no space in the refrigerator for this carton of orange juice.
*The boy drank a whole carton of milk the minute he came home.
variation (n) -a kind, not exactly same as the original, some changes have been made.变化体。  "vari" - 字根有“不同”的意思。
*This salad is a variation of a traditional Caesar salad.
variation   (不可数n)-（当不可数名词时）变化，差异。
*The research showed a wide variation in the performance of rural and suburban kids.
reliance - rely (v) 依赖。 something that you depend and rely on, can not without it. 倚靠，依赖。
reliance (on) - reliance on something or someone. 对什么人，事，物的依赖用“  ”。
*Tim is already 30, but his reliance on his parents is still very strong.
*Excessive reliance on exports affected the region's economy. 过渡依赖出口。。。影响。。该区域的经济。
indispensable -not able to without it, not able to throw away. similar meaning as "reliance".不可或缺的，绝对必要的。不能没有的。
*After years of hard work, Brenda became indispensable to the company.
dispense - throw away, get rid of.
dispensable -able to throw away。可以丢弃的。
*dispensable razors.-可丢弃的刮胡刀。
back in - go back to the time which is long long time ago.
argument - to fight with word or reasoning.
cushion - a thing that provide you some space make you fell more comfortable.
chisel - a iron flat, long and thin tool with a sharp edge at one end.
flint - a type of hard stone or rock.
mankind - people.

Language Tips:
thanks / thanks to ：
thanks - thank you.谢谢
thanks to = because of.由于，因为i，多亏了。。。
Today food is much safer thanks to the process of pasteurization.多亏了巴斯德氏的.加热杀菌法。。。。
thank you / thank to you - both are different meaning.
thank to you / thanks to you is mean " because of you." 在坏的方面有讽刺，嘲讽的意味。
Thanks to you. I had an upset stomach after I drank the coffee you bought me. 都是因为你买的咖啡害我。。。
No thanks to you. -你没有功劳。我不感谢你。
I finally graduated, no thanks to you! 我终于毕业了，但是你没帮我什么忙。give it back.
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take something for granted. 被视为理所当然的。
grant -you get without pay anything. is a gift freely give. 给与，授予。
take something for granted -享受一些事物视为理所当然的
take these inventions for granted.- 把这些发明视为理所当然的。
take someone for granted.-把一些人对你的好视为理所当然的。要懂得珍惜某人。（失去了，就后悔莫及）
Don't take anything for granted. -要懂得感恩，珍惜周边的人，事，物。


Taking notes of study "Studio Classroom"

Amazing Bridges

 Bringing cultures and people closer together
令人歎為觀止的橋 - 拉近文化與民眾間的距離

Bridges come in many shapes and sizes, from simple spans to architectural wonders. People admire their beauty. The Sydney Harbor Bridge, Tower Bridge and the Golden Gate Bridge draw countless tourists each year.

Bridges area an important part of our transportation system,too. Imagine trying to get to work or school without any bridges! 

Amazing design
While all bridges rely on careful engineering, some attract attention because of their interesting examples of design. The Magdeburg Water Bridge in Germany is a wonderful example and looks a lot like an optical illusion. As strange as it sounds, the bridge connects two canals and allows their water to pass over the Elbe River. The bridge works like a "concrete bathtub" and helps boats avoid a long and difficult journey down the river.

Another showcase of bridge design is the Gateshead Millennium Bridge in England. The bridge is made of two steel arches that tip up to allow boats to pass underneath. Each time this self-cleaning bridge tips up trash rolls along the bridge and into traps at either end.

Different roles
Bridges do many things in additiong to spanning obstacles. The Khaju Bridge in Esfahan, Iran, illustrates some of the roles bridges play. Built around 1650, the bridge's graceful aches have provided people with a shady meeting place for hundreds of years. In the middle of the bridge sits an octagonal pavilion with an art gallery. It also acts as a dam. By blocking the flow of the Zayandeh River, the bridge provides water for gardens on its upstream side. Steps along its downstream side provide locals with a place for doing laundry.

Bridges in language and culture
Bridges also play a role in the English language. We warn people not to cross a bridge until they come to it and not to burn their bridges.

The past becomes water under the bridge. Culturally, bridges are a symbol of change. The feature in songs like "Bridge Over Troubled Water" and movies like the Bridge on the River Kwai. They also feature prominently in stories from around the world.

From transportation to culture, bridges play important roles in our daily lives.


Grammar Gym:
"While all bridges rely on careful engineering, some attract attention because of their interesting examples of design."
 sentence pattern "While all (situation A ), some (situation B )"
While all students have classes from Monday through Friday, some take special classes on Saturdays.
While all tourists visit the base of the waterfall, some take the extra time to hike to the top of the waterfall.


Vocabulary Tips:
transportation (n) - a tool that take people or things to get around. 运输，运送工具。
"trans" -“越过”之意, "port" -“运送”之意。
*Jason takes public transportation to save money. 公共交通（运输）工具。。。省钱。
*The transportation and lodging can be reimbursed afterward. 行住费用。。。
engineering - take math. science  and other knowledge to work together to come out something. 工程，工程学。
*Taipei 101's engineering is revolutionary. 。。工程创举。
genetic engineering-基因工程学。
engineer (n) - person study engineering and some day can become a specialist in the engineering field.工程师。
engineer (v) -设计制造。
*The hybrid car was engineered to save energy.。。。结合油电。。。设计制造出节省能源。
concrete - semen, hard and solid, not easy to break or damage.混凝土的，水泥的。
*The city is full of high-rise concrete buildings.高耸的水泥大楼建筑物。
concrete -solid and firm.具体的。
*The police don't have any concrete evidence to prove the suspect committed the crime.具体的证据。
underneath - something is under.在下面的，或是从地下的。
*I crawled underneath the truck to get my cat.
underneath -（介系词）指在。。。底下，在。。。下面。
*Howard always hides his keys underneath his doormat.
as strange as it sounds - use on something you talk to a person, make that person surprise,can't believe.
canal - men made water way.
The Magdeburg Water Bridge - （德国的）玛格德堡水桥。
obstacle - something is in the way. road obstacle to stop the car. 障碍，障碍物。
*The car hit an obstacle and rolled over.
obstacle + to +noun - 为达到某理想而遇到了障碍，用“to” 后面加“名词”
*The terrible weather is the biggest obstacle to rescuing the hikers.
illustrate - show, drawing to explain.说明，注明。
*The shift in his political position was neatly illustrated by his latest speech.。。。政治立场改变。。
*Let me illustrate my point with this chart.让我用图表来说明。。
illustration -说明，插图。
feature in -时成为主角。
feature (n) -特征，特点，特色，特色之处。
*The actress got famous by being featured in this popular sitcom.。。走红。。受欢迎的喜剧片
*The main feature of this town is this beautiful cathedral.-这城市的特色，特征。。
prominently - very important, stand out that people easy to notice. "pro" - 有“向前”之意。主要的显著的，明显的。
*All the doctor's certificates were prominently displayed on the walls of the clinic.明显的展示在。。
*Child abuse figures prominently in this report. 虐待儿童。。
spanning - to across from one place to another.
graceful - look very nice, it moves or flow very smooth. when people speak with kind word.
octagonal -八角形，把边形的。
pavilion （n)-大帐篷，临时建筑，楼阁，凉亭，阁，休息处。
cross a bridge when ..come to it - deal the situation later when it come up, don't waste time or useless to worry about now.
don't burn your bridges - don't ruin or kill the old relationship, keep a good relationship with people.
water under the bridge - the water pass the bridge will continue to flow, will not stay, it's gone. (your downfall has been forgiven. -you burned the bridge but someone forgive you.)

Language Tips:
optical illusion - 视力上的错觉
optical -视力
illusion -幻觉，错觉。
mirage - is a kind of optical illusion.海市層楼。
auditory illusion -听觉上的错觉
tactile illusion -触觉上的错觉
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up / down - 上/下
upstream -上游
downstream -下游
uptown / downtown -上城/下城。
uptown -市区的北端，远离市中心的市郊或使高级住宅区。
downtown -下城，原本指区域的南端，地理上正好也在下方。现指市中心，商业区的或是闹区。
field -球场。
downfield -上场（要看谁进攻，谁防守而言）
upfield -下场（要看谁进攻，谁防守而言）
upwind -上风，上风的，逆风的。
downwind -下风，顺风的。

Taking notes of study "Studio Classroom"

Plastic Bottle of Light

Plastic bottles are brightening homes and lives in the Philippines.光明之瓶。 在菲律宾，塑胶瓶不仅照亮许多人的住家，也照亮他们的人生.

People often recycle plastic bottles.  But Illac Diaz' s non-profit organization, MyShelter Foundation, has found another use for them. The foundation uses plastic bottles to bring daylight into the tiny, dark homes in Manila's poor areas. These Solar Bottle Bulbs provide cheap and long-lasting light to families who cannot afford much electricity.

People fill the plastic bottles with filtered water and bleach. The bottles are then installed into holes in the houses' roofs. This process takes less than an hour. Then sunlight enters the bottle, and the water allows the light to shine throughout the room. The solar Bottle Bulbs give off as much light as a 55-watt light bulb. And each bulb can last for five years. Such a simple and cheap light source greatly improves the lives of many poor families. The project aims to bring light to one million homes in Manila.

Diaz also hopes to take his project to other communities outside of the city. By doing so, MyShelter Foundation can brighten up the Philippines one bottle at a time.

Grammar Tips:
By doing so, MyShelter Foundation can brighten up the Philippines one bottle at a time.
"By doing so,..." - in native specking is "By doing what was just mentioned "
"By doing so,.." - is a formal way to talk about certain result come from certain action.
Diaz also hopes to take his project to other communities outside of the city.
"By doing so, .."- use on when talk about certain action leads to certain result.
Lena prepares and freezes five lunch boxes every Sunday. By doing so, she doesn't have to worry about fixing her lunch boxes on weekday nights.
Jason keeps his electrical appliances unplugged and only plugs them in when he uses them. By doing so, he has saved a lot of money on his electric bill.

Vocabulary Tips:
plastic (adj) -塑胶的，塑料的
*Plastic bottle.
plastic (n)-塑胶，塑料。
*The phone's cover is made of plastic.
plastics -塑胶的东西，塑料的东西。
*Plastics are cheap and easy to maintain.
filter (v)- 过滤，
*An antivirus system automatically filters everything we download.
filter -渗透，传开。
*The news of upcoming layoffs started to filter through the company.
filter (n)- 过滤的器具，过滤器。
* an oil filter - 滤油器
* a coffee filter -咖啡过滤器。
process- 过程。
* The process of assembling this model car was a frustrating experience for me. 组装的过程。。
* The application process for the loan usually takes over a week. 申请贷款过程。。

Chat Room:
light -亮光。
the light at the end of the tunnel - 看到隧道尽头的亮光。指“在不好的境遇中，看到希望，有出入，前景会好转。”
see the light - understanding. 明白过了， 明白，懂，了解。
see the light of day -（出版业）文章，书问世了，被出版了。