Blood Types: A Life-saving Discovery

How one scientist changed the way the world saw blood – and won a Nobel Prize
血型：救命的發現 - 來看看一位科學家如何改變這個 世界看待血液的方式，而且還贏 得了諾貝爾獎.

For centuries, scientists experimented with transferring blood between people - usually with fatal results. In their experiments, they noticed that sometimes during blood transfusions the red blood cells clumped together causing a toxic reaction. In the early 20th century, Austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner discovered this was caused by a reaction to the donor's blood.

He categorized people into four blood groups - A, B, AB and O - based on the proteins in their blood. Receiving blood from a donor whose blood type was not compatible would hurt or kill a patient. For this discovery, Landsteiner received the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Many Asian people believe that one's blood type relates to one's personality. People with blood type A are seen as loyal and having high standards but as too anxious. Type B people are considered creative and optimistic but selfish. Those with type AB are considered rational, calm and controlled. Type O people tend to be friendly, passionate and ambitious but stubborn. Movies, comics and dramas draw on this idea. In Japan, some people even make dating and hiring decisions based on blood types!

One book proposed that blood types reveal people's ideal diets and lifestyles. However, little scientific evidence supports blood-type diets or personality tests. maybe more study of this will lead to another Nobel Prize!

Grammar Gym:
"Movies, comics and dramas draw on this idea."
'to draw on something' - 'to get or take idea from.'
Jackie drew on her school counselor's advice and decided to major in business.
For our new writing assignment, the professor wants us to draw on the concept of time travel.

Vocabulary Tips:
clump -stick together in a amount. 凝结，结成一团。
*Cement mixture clumps together too fast unless you keep stirring it.
clump - stick together.聚集一块。
*The students clumped together in front of the bulletin board trying to find their ranks.
compatible -able to work together.可相容的。 'com' -“一起” 'pati'-“感受”
*The new software is not compatible with our system.
compatible - work together perfectly.合的来得，很有默契，很契合的。
* Sam and his wife are very compatible. They bother love music and computer games.
rational -think clear, very logical for what you say or do..理性的，合理的。
*You need to calm down in order to make a rational decision.
*There seems to be no rational explanation for his odd behavior.。无法作任何理性解释。
rationality (n) -logical.理性。
*you can't find any rationality in his words. 无理性可言的
draw on - 'draw'-make a line or picture.
draw on something -to get or take idea from.凭借或利用某些事情。
*The playwright drew on his friend's story to write this comedy.借由，凭借他朋友的故事来钻写。。。
the way .... sees ..- the way ... the (world, people) sees. - people used to a certain thinking or believing.
donor - people who is giving.

Language Tips:
the Nobel Prize -诺贝尔奖。包刮：物理学，化学，医学，文学，经济学以及和平奖。
Alfred Nobel -诺贝尔奖。 是由Alfred Nobel而来。Alfred Nobel 在早期发明了dynamite 而获得了很大的一笔奖金。但他是位爱好和平者，他为自己的发明被人用来做为战争的武器而难过，所以当他临终时，他把他巨大的遗产设立了基金，用基金的利息，每年颁奖给对世界人类有卓越贡献的人，奖励有才智的人对人类社会的益处所做出的努力。1991年，国际性的诺贝尔奖正式成立。
dynamite -黄色炸药。

Science (Non)Fiction

Way-out dreams sometimes become reality
不再只是科「幻」 - 遙遠的夢想有時也會成真.

Many technologies that seem commonplace today appeared miraculous when they first appeared on the scene. The creative minds behind these amazing inventions were not only scientists, however. In many cases, they were writers of science fiction . These literary masters conceived of some incredible innovations way before their time.

Examples of current technologies that were once science fiction are not hard to find. Cellphones are now everywhere. Long before they became an indispensable communications device, they were foreshadowed by the "communicator"  (which looked like a flip phone) on the TV show Star Trek in the 1960s.

The Internet was envisioned by Mark Twain in 1898. Credit cards? Predicated by Edward Bellamy in 1888. Satellites? Wtritten about by Arthur C.Clarke in 1945. Military weaponry like submarines, tanks and atomic bombs appeared in novels by Jules Verne (1869) and H.G. Wells (1903, 1014). Lunar exploration was visualized by Johannes Kepler as far back as 1634. So what does this suggest for the future? The bizarre fantasies of today's science-fiction writers may one day be accepted as normal devices. Already we are seeing developments like flying cars, real-time language translation and even thought-controlled computers. The future is becoming "now" faster than ever before!

Grammar Tips:
Credit cards? Predicted by Edward Bellamy in 1888.
Credit card - this sentence has no "verb". (writing grammar: What about credit cards?)
Predicted by Edward Bellamy in 1888. this sentence miss "subject".(grammar: Credit cards were predicted by Edward Bellamy in 1888.)
same thing: Satellites? Written about by Arthur C. Clarke in 1945. 
what's going on?
＊The writer use a style of creative way to write it instead of a traditional way.
＊The writer use a style of way as he is  talking, when you are talking, is very casual, this is the beauty of the creative way in writing.

Vocabulary Tips:
miraculous - miracle, something is very powerful. super-nature, amazed.神奇的，不可思议的。
*The fairy used her miraculous power to save the princess.
miraculous -惊人的。
*The basketball team's miraculous victory made the headline news tonight.
foreshadow -to show or indicate something might happen in future. “之前”的意思，要来之前的预兆。
*The long-term decline of the stock market foreshadowed a serious global depression.　长时间下跌。。是全球严重经济萧条的前兆。
*The lack of rain last winter foreshadowed this year's drought.。。。干旱的前兆。
visualize -see, imaging, can form a picture on your mind, can imagination it.使形象化，想像。。
visual -sense of seeing.　视觉。
*I can visualize myself working as a professional lawyer.
*I can visualize what my dream house would look like.
non - fiction: is real. 'non' -not, 'fiction' - imagination in science, not real.
way-out -something is possible and will happy.
common - happen every day, every where. nothing special.
innovation -something new, very different with the existing thing. creative.
invention - create something new.
indispensable - something we can not live without it.
envision-some thought in mind.
atomic - element is small but very powerful.原子
lunar -moon.
bizarre (adj)- weird.  古怪的，奇异的

Chat Room:
scene -现场。
the scene of an accident -以外出事现场
The police arrived quickly on the scene.。。。当场。。
The scene of the crime -　犯罪现场。
Many technologies that seem commonplace today appeared miraculous when they first appeared on the scene.
"The"定冠词 + (adj)+ scene  , scene - field.界
the music scene -音乐界。
the pop scene -流行音乐界。
the rock scene -摇滚乐界。
a change of scene -改变步调，换个环境。
change of scene - you feel bore with your current life, you would like to have some change.

Seeing with Echoes

Dolphins and other underwater animals sense their surroundings through sound
海生动物“以耳代目”的关键一回声。海豚与其他水中动物透过声波感应周围环境。

Dolphins travel regularly between the water's surface and the depths of the ocean. They have keen vision both in and out of the water. But when they dive deeper than light can penetrate, they must rely on a different sense - hearing.

Several species of marine mammals observe the world through echolocation. They send out a stream of clicks that bounce off the objects around them. By listening to the echoes of these sounds, dolphins can determine the size, shape and location of nearby objects. Recent scientific research has shown that this echolocation is more precise than anyone had previously imagined.

Researcher Laura Kloepper studies a false killer whale named Kina, False killer whales are members of the dolphin family. Kloepper says kina could distinguish cylinders that were only 0.2 millimeters apart in size. In other tests  Kina recognized the difference between objects whose widths differed by less than the width of a human hair.

Dolphins and whales can alter the width of the stream of sound they use for echolocation. They make it wide to gather general information and narrow for detailed observations. They also control the sensitivity of their hearing. When they aren't hunting, they decrease their sensitively to protect their ears from loud noises.

As scientists continue to study marine mammals, they are gaining an even deeper understanding of these creatures' amazing capabilities.


Grammar Tips:
They send out a stream of clicks that bounce off the objects around them.
"stream " - small river, but here refer to  "a large number of something that one after another.
a stream of phone calls - when you are getting so many phone calls one after another in a period of time.
a stream of complaints.
a stream of emails - many many emails wait for you to answer.


Vocabulary Tips:
penetrate (v)- move through something. 穿透，渗透，刺透。射入。
* Rays of sunlight penetrated the forest.
*The singer's voice can penetrate audiences' hearts.
*One hacker penetrated the bank's computer system.
sensitivity - quick reaction .敏锐，敏感。
*The medicine can cause sensitivity to sunlight.
*As recording technician, you need great sensitivity to good melodies.
sensitive (adj) -敏锐的，敏感的。
capability -能力，才能，能耐。
*Edward has the capability to learn new things rapidly.
*Wilson has the capability to manage this company.
*The convertible has the capability to reach 100 milometers per hour in just seconds. 敞篷车。。时速到达。。
marine - refer to water. 海军，海里，海上，与海有关的。
mammals - animal that breath air and give birth to their babies.哺乳动物。
echolocation - 回声定位能力，回声定位法。echo- sound get response back.回声
a stream of - a large number of something that one after another.数量多而且连续不断的。一连串的。 如小河流的水，不住地滴流。
cylinder -圆柱

Chat Room:
The width of a human hair.宽度差异很小很小。一根人类头发不到的宽度。
to split hears - refer to "pointless thing"。 意指“为鸡毛蒜皮的事起争执， 为小的不能再小的事去争辩。

Secrets of the Iceberg

Look below the surface to learn about these giant islands of ice.  冰山的秘密，深入了解这些巨大的冰之岛。

What does the word iceberg make you think of ? Do you think of a large block of ice in a cold northern ocean? Or do you think of something that ships can crash into? While these are both correct, in truth there's far more to icebergs than meets the eye.

According to scientists, only the largest blocks of ice count as icebergs. They must rise at least 5 meters above the water and be 15 meters wide at the water line. But only about 10 percent of an iceberg can be seen. The rest lies hidden beneath the water.

Icebergs begin forming when layers of snow fall year after year without melting. The snow is pressed together into large blocks of ice called glaciers. When chunks of ice break off of these glaciers. icebergs are born. In Greenland alone, about 40,000 icebergs are formed each year. Since they begin as snow, icebergs are made of fresh water, not salty ocean water. Tiny bubbles of air inside the ice give them their white color.

While most icebergs are white, smoe are blue because they have melted and frozen again. This action allows the air bubbles to escape. Other icebergs have brown, block or yellow parts because of dirt mixed with the ice, Algae can also get trapped in the underwater parts of an inceberg. If the iceberg turns over, all or part of it is green!

Icebergs can be flat, cube-shaped, round like a turtle shell or U-shaped. Some even look like mountains. The large underwater parts of icebergs are hard for ships to avoid. They have destroyed and sunk many ships, including the Titanic. As a result, the International Ice Patrol now monitors icebergs in areas with heavy ship travel. But there's yet another side to icebergs. Many microscopic animals live inside icebergs and in the water around them. These creatures feed on minerals that the icebergs store and release as they melt.

Scientists are still studying all the ways icebergs affect sea life.


Writing Tips:
below the surface -
more (to somebody/something) than meets the eye.
Most time Those two idiom are used on people, it also can use on the situation.

Grammar Tips:
But there's yet another side to icebergs
"but", and "yet " is same meaning.
"yet" is a formal way for "but".
"yet another" - addressed that some additional information about something. Surprisingly, it means there is something more.
Yesterday, the bank robber have robbed yet another bank.

Vocabulary Tips:
iceberg-冰山
*The ship hit an iceberg and sank.
the tip of the iceberg.- 冰山一角。庞大问题的一小部分
*During the economic crisis, the increase of the unemployment rate is just the tip of the iceberg.
more to somebody or something than meets the eye-，关于某人或某事的事实比所见的更多更复杂
meet the eye-眼睛所看见的
*The conflicts between these two boys might look minor, but there's more to it than meets the eye.
melt-溶化，溶解，熔化。
*The ice sculpture began to melt in high temperature.
*The sugar in the iced coffee melted slowly.
melt-消失，消失无踪。
*My worries melted when I saw my kids came home safe.
escape-逃脱，此指“液体，气体的漏出或外泄。goes away, get out of it.
*The fireman checked to see if there was any gas escaping from the stove.
*Tons of oil escaped into the ocean from the damaged cargo ship.
cube-立方体，立方体的物质。
*Cut the carrots into cubes  before adding them to the soup.
*Samuel loves to drink soda with lots of ice cubes.
cube-shaped -立方体的形状。
a cube-shaped building. 立方体形状的建筑物。
destroy-毁坏，破坏，消灭。
*The bombing completely destroyed the military base.
*Large areas of rainforest were destroyed by lumbering industry.
*The hope of peace talk was destroyed by the incident at the boarder last week.
algae (n)- a plant, live in water or in a wet place.
microscopic animals -many tiny, many small creatures.
glaciers- large area of ice river, or giant piece of ice river, move very lowly to the ocean. 冰川，冰河。
chunk- pull a piece of bread from a loaf of bread, that small piece is called "chunk".


Chat Room:
ice-
break the ice-破冰，打破沉默，缓和紧张气分。一群互不认识的人在一起，玩”破冰“游戏，彼此自我介绍，打破沉默。icebreaker-破冰船，打破沉默的人或机器。
----------------------------------------------
on thin ice-在薄冰上走或溜冰。意即”要小心，不安全，走在薄冰上随时有破冰的可能而落人冰冻的水中而丧命的危险。
put something on ice -把东西放在冰上，持久保鲜。也指“事情暂后，延迟处理”，“暂时搁置”
put a project on ice -暂时搁置一项计划。

.

Mini Cows

迷你乳牛It’s only the size that makes these cows mini by Audrey Osment.


As farm animals go, cattle rank among the largest. Many of them weigh more than 500 kilograms! But it hasn't always been that way. Historically, cattle were far smaller until the mid-20th century when relatively low feed costs shifted the focus of farmers to getting more meat from each animal. Now, rising feed costs and environmental concerns are reversing that trend, and people in the agriculture business are once more investing in miniature cattle.


How did mini cows get so... small?
There are actually numerous types of mini cattle that come in different shapes, sizes and colors.
Generally, though, minis are far smaller than their larger cousins.


While you might suspect that these tiny cows are a modern wonder of genetic engineering, they actually aren't. The original mini cattle were developed hundreds of years ago by British farmers, primarily because their small farms couldn't accommodate larger cows. Traditionally viewed as ideal for small farms, mini cows were kept to provide a household with milk for a year. They could also annually produce a calf, which was raised to provide the family with beef.

The whys and hows of mini cows
These days, mini cows are proving increasingly popular with both commercial and hobby farmers. The most significant reason for this resurgent popularity is how much cheaper the little cows can be to raise. Regular-sized, brutes need a lot of space and food - both of which are costly. Mini cows simply consume less feed while producing proportionally more meat or milk. Miniature Herfords, for example, produce between 50 and 75 percent of the steak their full-sized cousins produce, but they only eat about half as much.

Miniature Jersey cows can generate up to 15 liters of milk a day though they are so short farmers have to squat way down to milk them. Perhaps more importantly, mini cows are far more environmentally friendly than their larger relatives. In fact, according to Professor Richard Gradwohl, it takes 10 mini cattle to create the same amount of methane that one regular cow produces.

With a long history and a bright future, it looks like mini cows are here to stay. And in this case, the old saying is true: Good things really do come in small packages. (the bigger is the better is not always true.)

Grammar Tips:
As farm animals go, cattle rank among the largest.
"as farm animals go"
"go"-here is not talk about farm animals moving anywhere.
"go" -here means "Generally, among farm animals, cattle rank among the largest."
"go" - generally speaking regarding a certain group or category.
As school tuition rates go, private schools are more costly than public schools.
As trucks go, the bigger they are, the more powerful they are.

Vocabulary Tips:
mini-迷你,袖珍型
*There's a mini library in the classroom; all the books were donated by the parents.
*The kids love to pet those mini horses. 輕輕拍打迷你馬
reverse-翻轉或逆轉. "re" 回來的意思.
*The new CEO reversed the recent decline of our sales and also helped the company to reduce unnecessary expenses.
accommodate-容納,提供膳宿.
*She reversed the big truck into the garage with ease. 很輕易的把卡車倒車入庫.
*We didn't have room to accommodate too many puppies, so we had to give up two of them.
*The dorm can accommodate around 1,500 students. 宿舍能容納...
resurgent-再起的,重新產生的. "re" -再一次
*David got his resurgent enthusiasm in work after a nice vacation with his family. 重心燃起工作熱情
*The resurgent tension between two countries drew international attention. 重新點燃緊張情勢.... 引起國際的重視.
proportionally- 按比例來説,相稱地. proportion -比例
*Male employees receive proportionally higher salaries than females. 男職員..
*The housing budget is distributed proportionally according to the number of the residences.
squat-蹲,蹲下 squatted/squatting
*She squatted down to pick up the boy. 蹲下來把孩子抱起來.
*The homeless people squatted on the ground and warmed their hands by the fire. 蹲坐在地上..
brute - large and strong, very useful, 特別高大強壯,塊頭大強有力的(人或動物)
Jersey - another "breed" of cow.
methane- smelly gas, came from cow, it's bad for green, environmental.

Chat Room:
Mini Cows -迷你牛
till the cows come home-等到牛自己囘家.意即"長期間的在做這件事, 有的好等了.牛一放出去,很難收心囘籠.
have a cow - 情緒很激動,大發脾氣.
Don't have a cow. Calm down.-別那麽情緒激動,先靜下來
----------------------------
much cheaper - can not say "more cheaper" . if you use "more" before cheaper, faster, bigger, it is called " double comparative". it is not right in grammar. use "much" instead. 強調,在程度上更加多一些.
cheaper, faster, bigger -都是比較級
much cheaper, much faster, much bigger. 更便宜,更快,更大.
produce (v)-种音在第二節. 製造,生産.
Miniature Herefords produce between 50 and 75 percent.
produce (n) -重音在第一節. 農產品,蔬菜水果等.
the produce section -蔬果區.

The Life of Bees

蜜蜂的一生 Bees do more than make your life sweeter
探析蜜蜂的所有本事──以及牠們對人類的貢獻
by Jeremiah Clark

If the bee disappears, people will soon follow. Though this statement might be somewhat exaggerated, the world has recently been reminded of how important bees really are. A strange phenomenon called Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) is making bees disappear in various places around the globe. In some cases, entire colonies have disappeared. The Western honeybee, one of the most well-known bee species, has been particularly affected. And, according to some studies, CCD has the potential to cause billions of dollars in losses.

Why are these small, fuzzy insects so vital to the world? Bees do something that no other insect can do-they make honey. Honey contains everything needed to sustain life-including water! But this sweet substance is just one of the many products given to us by bees. Most bee species also produce beeswax, which is found in hundreds of products such as candles, soaps and some skin creams.

When speaking of how people are dependent on bees for survival, we aren't talking about honey or beeswax. Apiarists, people who raise bees, keep them for more than just their honey. They contract their bees out to farmers to pollinate their corps. In fact, without bees, we would not be able to eat many fruits and vegetables, including almonds onions, melons and pumpkins.

How do bees pollinate plants? They frequent flowers to collect nectar and pollen to use as food. As bees travel from flower to flower picking up new pollen, they drop off some of the pollen they've already collected. Plants then use this pollen to reproduce. Both bees and flowers benefit from this process, and so do we. In the United States, bees pollinate 15 to 30 percent of the food people eat.

So the next time you see a bee buzzing around, remember that it's doing more than just making life a little sweeter.

Did You Know
Honey is actually the product of nectar being regurgitated and dehydrated by the bees several times, which gives it its thick consistency.
-Bees are they only species that produces human food.
-Honey is the only food that contains every nutrient that a human needs to survive; it even contains water.
-One teaspoon of honey packs enough energy for a single be to fly around the world!

Grammar
So next time you see a bee bussing around, remember that it's doing more than just making life a little sweeter.
doing more than just + verb-ing (强调 the thing is not as simple as people they think)
just
The assistant is doing more than just making coffee
Being a fashion model is more than just standing in front of a camera and looking pretty.

exaggerate (v)-夸大其词，夸张，言过其实。
Kimmy often exaggerates her stories so that people think she is more interesting.
*The side-effect of the treatment has been greatly exaggerated. 治疗的副作用
*I'm not exaggerating, tonight's dessert is the best I've ever had! 甜点
phenomenon (n)(单数)- 现象, 特殊事物. phenomena(複数)重音都在第二节.
John experienced a natural phenomenon in his village, when it snowed for the first in 50 years.
*Racism is not a recent phenomenon. 种族主义.
*The lining-up of the major planets of the solar system is a rare phenomenon.太阳系主要得行星连成一线是很罕见的现象
Sometimes, people can see Northern light in Canada. 北极光
vital-重要得,绝对不可缺少的.
Joseph is a vital part of our company We can't afford to lose him.
*The sales department plays a vital role in our company.
*It is vital to get clean water and food supplies to this flooded area immediately. 淹水地区
sustain (v)-maintain, or continue to live (something) you won't die.
We need lots of water to sustain us on our hike across the dessert.
disappear-died out
CCD-colony collapse Disorder, colony-a group of bees (bee colony), collapse-falling unto ground.
sting, stung, I afraid to get stung by bees.
dependent (adj)-依靠的，依赖的 depend (v) 依赖，依靠, dependent on something 取决于某事物。
*Geordia is really dependent on her parents.
*The future of the comany is dependent on the success of this new product.
The young child is still dependent on his mother for all of his daily needs.
pollinate (v)-take pollin from one flower to another flower. 对。授粉 pollination (n)-授粉作用 Butterflies and moths help pollinate the floweres in this field.
*Many insects are necessary for pollination.
pollen (n)-Bill sneezes whenever he comes in contact with dust or pollen.花粉
*Larry is allergic to pollen and dust.
*Birds and butterflies pollinate plants by carrying pollen among flowers.
drop off (phr v)-放下，留下，落下。
The mailman stopped to drop off some mail for the shop owner.
*Can you drop me off at the bus stop on your way home? 把我放下来（放在）
*We dropped our luggage off at the hotel and went sight-seeing. 把行李先放在旅馆，然后去观光。
nactar (n)-quite sweet, is inside of the flower. busy bees (idiom)

Chat Room
If the bee disappear, people will soon follow.
the - 定冠词用法 indicate whole class, whole group as one, +(v) is . It's not apply to people
the bee- all bees
the shark-all sharks, -The shark is a dangerous animal.
the computer-all computers- The computer has changed the way students do schoolwork.
the violin-all violins-The violin is difficult to play.
a bee means one bee, all bees=the bee,
people here is mean all people, the people is that particular person. man=all men, same as people.
The cat (all cats) is a very independent animal.
I can play the piano (all piano).
-----
Apiarists-beekeeper
keeper
zookeeper, 动物园的管理员
shopkeeper, 商店的老板
innkeeper- 小旅馆的老板
housekeeper- 女管家 haired for doing cleaning the house or rooms.
groundskeeper -远动场地或花园的管理员
bookkeeper -book-账簿，管理帐目纪录的人，帐房，主计。
goalkeeper-In a sport, a player prevent the ball to get in the net. 足球，曲棍球的守门员
peacekeeper-维持和平者，两国间交战的停火执行小组。UN联合国的和平部队。

Silly question：
What kind of B is good for your health? -Vitamin B
What do you call the B that born in May?-Maybe

Get Ready for Unusual Darkness!

太陽不見了
Watch the sun go dark in the middle of the day
What is a solar eclipse, and what's special about the one that's occurring today?
了解日蚀成因，以及今天这场日蚀的特别之处。by Ryan Batdorf.

Ready or not, a total solar eclipse will occur today where people in Asia can see it.

What causes a solar eclipse?
A solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes between the earth and the sun. This always happens during a new moon, but the angle of the moon’s orbit keeps an eclipse from occurring every month. About twice a year, the earth and moon’s orbits line up so that the moon’s shadow falls somewhere on the earth’s surface. That is when a solar eclipse occurs.

What is special about this eclipse?

The route of the moon's umbral shadow will start in India and cut through Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar and mainland China. It will then cross Japan's Ryukyu Islands and curve southeast through the Pacific Ocean. It is there that the longest time of total darkness will occur-6 minutes and 39 seconds. Those places not in the direct path will see a partial eclipse from the moon's penumbral shadow.

solar(adj)-Solar rays are strongest from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.

eclipse (n)-When something in the sky usually provide light is covered up. Moon passes the sun and earth every 30 days, is a new moon.

In 2010, two solar eclipses will occur.

Solar eclipse, Lunar eclipse. solar refer to sun. lunar refer to moon.

orbit (v)- is a path, that is taking by an object moving in a specific angle around a larger object in space. moving motion around the body in circular motion.

The earth's orbit around the sun is almost a perfect circle. orbit (n)-轨道

Partial (adj)-part of it.

Andrew could only give a partial description of the accident.

*This Saturday there will be a partial eclipse of the sun. 日偏蚀

Total eclipse of the sun. 日全蚀

The moon will be partially eclipsed this Friday night.

The satellite was successfully launched into the orbit of Mars. 人造卫星成功的发射进入火星规道。

The spacecraft will be in orbit around the moon at 16:00.太空船 将在下午4点进入月球轨道绕行。

The shuttle is orbiting around the earth right now.太空梭正绕地球轨道转。

line up-get in the same line, (anything) place something in the line. 排列，排队，排成一排。

The teacher told the kids to line up before leaving the classroom.

The librarian is lining up the books in alphabetical order on the shelves.图书馆员按字母次序把书架上的书排好。

umbral-darkest part of the shadow. the path of the umbral shadow.

penumbral=partial shadow

Grammar:

The route...will start in India and cut through Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan.. .., It will then cross Japan's Ryukyu Islands and curve southeast through the Pacific Ocean.

go through= Start, cut through, cross, and curve=zigzags, hugs, loops, snakes, winds. 经过一词，可以用不同的字来形容，来描述， 使文章更生动活泼，有创造性。使文章赋予生命。

A road could zigzag its way through the forest.

A river can snake its way through the hills.

A path can hug the base of a mountain.

Chat Room:

once in a blue moon-once in a long time, rare.蓝色的月亮很少出现，意即很难得，千载难逢，很少的。

reached for the moon -try to achieve something that is very difficult.试图去做非常困难的事，有如去碰触天上的月亮，星星，难度高，近乎不可能达成的事。

reach for the star-

ask for the moon-某人要求月亮,意指对方做出不切实际的要求.

promise for the moon-promise you the moon -promise you something that is impossible.答应给对方月亮,意指做出不切实际的应许或承若.

promise you the moon-promise you something that is inpossible. 答应将月亮给人，做出不实际的许若.