Louis Pasteur

細菌之父」巴斯德 This French scientist solved many of the important problems of his time這位法國科學家解決了很多當時的重大難題 This French scientist changed the world. by Lisa Holl Chang

"Let me tell you the secret that has led me to my goal. My strength lies solely in my tenacity," Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) once said. Indeed, Pasteur was a hard-working scientist. He harnessed the power of science to solve problems that afflicted the industries and people of his time.

Born in a working-class family, Pasteur applied himself to meeting his father's expectations that he be educated and eventually teach. Pasteur quickly moved through the French education system, earning his doctorate in 1847. As a professor, he moved from school to school, teaching physics and chemistry, and met his wife, Marie Laurent. In 1857 he finally settled at the Ecole Normale Superieure, a famous teacher's college in Paris, where he assumed the position of Director of Scientific Studies.

Pasteurization
As Director of Scientific Studies, Pasteur continued the research on fermentation that he had started earlier. He discovered that fermentation the biological process that causes products such as milk to turn sour, is carried out by very tiny organisms. His research led to the process of pasteurization, which uses heat to kill harmful germs i a variety of food products.

Scientific and personal challenges
As a teacher, Pasteur emphasized that science should have practical applications. He took on industry-related cases such as a disease affecting the silk industry. Beginning in 1865, Pasteur spent three years investigating the bacteria that were the culprits and developing ways to prevent their spread.
In 1866 Pasteur lost two daughters to typhoid fever. Two years later he became partially paralyzed as a result of grief and stress. But despite these difficulties. Pasteur pressed on to even greater accomplishments.

Fighting disease
In the late 1870s, Pasteur began research in the emerging scientific field of immunization. He developed vaccines for diseases that affected sheep and chickens. Then he took on the deadly disease rabies. For five years Pasteur worked on isolating and weakening the rabies virus. On July 6, 1885, a 9-year-old boy suffering from 14 bites by a rabid dog was brought to him. Pasteur treated the boy with the vaccines he had developed and saved the boy's life.

Following Pasteur's success with rabies, the Pasteur Institute was founded to support Pasteur's scientific work. Pasteur himself headed the institute until his death in 1895. Today, the Pasteur Institute continues to save lives through science.

More Information
While researching fermentation, Pasteur proved that the theory of spontaneous generation-that living material, like germs, simply appeared out of nowhere-was actually incorrect. Through his experiments, Pasteur proved that germs were carried through the air. In England, Dr. Joseph Lister read a paper Pasteur had published and then conducted his own experiments that led to the practice of sterilizing medical equipment in the hospital.

Grammar
Pasteur applied himself to meeting his father's expectation that he be educated and eventually teach.
apply-to ask for something-to apply for a job.
applied himself- apply + oneself
to apply oneself =to do something with extra special care or attention.
We knew we didn't have much time left, so we applied ourselves to the research.
Jill is a hard worker: she has always applied herself to every assignment.
That person just isn't applying himself at work.

Vocabulary Tips
tenacity-堅持不懈（到底），頑強，不屈不撓，或任性。重音在第二節。
*His courage and tenacity made him an extraordinary general.不凡的將軍。
*The team won the game using teamwork and tenacity.
afflicted-cause suffering.折磨，或痛苦。深受其害。被什麽折磨用“with”
*Poverty and constant racial conflicts afflicted this country for many year.
*Rachel has been afflicted with severe allergies and no medicine seems able to help her.
assume-假設，此指“擔任”，“就任”
*Nathan will assume more responsibility once he becomes the manager.
assume office-就職
*The president will assume office next Saturday. 縂統將于下星期六就職。
culprit-罪犯，此指“原兇，罪魁禍首”
*Police are searching for the culprits who robbed the downtown bank.
*When teenagers stop interacting with the people around them, online games are often the main culprit.
emerging (adj)-新興的，在崛起中的。emerge (v)-出現的現在分詞
*The emerging market of South America attracted many investors.
*The emerging young musician has captured the attention of critics.評論家，評審
vaccine-疫苗
*Pharmaceutical companies spent millions of dollars developing a vaccine to cure the highly contagious disease.
practical applications-practice and apply to our daily real life.應用到實際生活上.
press on -moving forward.
rabies(n)-狂犬病 a rabid dog-a dog has rabies.
immunization- an event become immune.
immune - 免疫的to be protected not being sick, or not get sick.
immunize (v)-a process that make people safe from getting sick.
paralyze-unable to move, certain part of the body unable to function or move as usual.

Chat Room
expectation-期望，尤其是對於好的方面的期望。
live up to one's expectations-達到某人的期望。符合某人的理想。
high/low expectations-説到expectation 要用複數加"s"
exceed your expectations-超過你對他的期望。
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Pasteur took on the deadly disease rabies.
take on-向它挑戰，對抗，或是承擔，接受。（something new, new look展現出的新造型)
take on more responsibilities.承擔
take on a new look.接受
"take off" is not opposite of "take on".
take off-脫去，興起，飛機起飛，開始流行，很熱門的。離開，上路。
take off your jacket.
the business start to take off.
I have to take off.